3 Categories of Organisms Free Essays

Week 2: Week Two †Class Discussion Class Discussion Graded Activity: Class Discussion (25 focuses) Instructional Objectives for this movement: Identify the three biological system trophic classifications of living beings. In Chapter 5, the distinctive trophic classifications in a biological system are talked about and the significance of every one of the trophic classifications is portrayed in detail. For this week’s class conversation, if it's not too much trouble audit the materials appointed in section 5, and answer all the prompts underneath. We will compose a custom exposition test on 3 Categories of Organisms or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now What are the three environment trophic classifications? Give 2 instances of each trophic class that can be found in your town, city or district. What trophic classification do you believe is the most significant in the environment and why? What is biodiversity? Is it significant? Relate biodiversity to the trophic classifications. What might befall the remainder of the trophic classes in the event that one them was cleared out? The base desire for class conversations is to react legitimately to each piece of the conversation brief and to react to in any event two different posts, either by an understudy or educator, before the week's over: Submit one fundamental post reacting straightforwardly to each piece of the conversation brief. This should be a meaningful reaction to the topic(s) in your own words, referencing what you have found in your necessary perusing and other learning exercises. You may utilize assets notwithstanding your course book that help your post(s); in any case, you should make reference to the source(s) that you utilized in your post(s). Answer to at any rate two posts. Reactions can be made to understudies or to your educator. Reactions to other individuals’ posts should: Expand on their thoughts Discuss the contrasts between your musings and theirs Explain why you concur or oppose this idea. For reference rules, it would be ideal if you allude to the table in the APA Style segment of the prospectus. Step by step instructions to refer to 3 Categories of Organisms, Papers

Life in Dublin :: Essays Papers

Life in Dublin In his book Dubliners, James Joyce glimpses somewhere inside the lives of the individuals who live in Dublin. A significant number of the characters are exhausted with how they live their lives. They need frantically to escape Dublin. They wish to have energizing existences elsewhere, regardless of whether it is in a dream or in an alternate piece of Ireland. In this book, they will attempt to get away from their regular day to day existences by going outside of their typical ordinary exercises. People in the public arena are frequently depicted as attempting to get away from Dublin. In the story â€Å"Eveline,† a young lady is attempting to get away from her family through an excursion with a youngster named Frank. Her departure is appeared through individual and society. This excursion removes her from the hopeless life she is living. â€Å"Now she will leave like the others, to leave her home† (29). Eveline needs to investigate another and additionally energizing existence with Frank. Both of them are getting away from Dublin by a night-vessel to Buenos Ayres. Eveline wishes that Frank can spare her from every one of that encompasses her in the existence she leads. All through this story, Eveline has experiences with a rough dad that she wishes to get away. Leaving with Frank is the answer for her concern. Before her mom bites the dust, Eveline guaranteed that she will keep the home together as long as could be expected under the circumstances. Eveline’s father reveals to her that she wastes the cash and that he isn’t going to give her the cash since he buckles down for the cash and it shouldn’t be tossed around in the city. â€Å"†¦she now and then felt herself at risk for her father’s abuse† (30). Through her break with Frank she can get away from her father’s disparaging comments and his steady verbal and physical maltreatment. Eveline is going burnt out on doing all the cooking and the cleaning. Straightforward is going to remove her from what he is doing to the family. With her brain set on getting away from Dublin, Eveline understands that she will affect society, her family, and herself.

21st Century Situational Ethics

21st Century Situational Ethics Despite the fact that the term Situational Ethics just appears to show up in Joseph Fletchers book named Situation Ethics: The New Morality in 1966, halfway and comparative thoughts of situational morals have been in the brain of others prior previously. For example, will be Durant Drake that distributed The New Morality, Emil Brunner with his distributed work Divine Imperative just as Reinhold Niebuhr with his Moral Man and Immoral Society. During that year where Fletcher distributed his book, John Robinson distributed his book named Honest to God. In spite of the fact that as similarly well known as Fletchers book, it was Fletchers book that appeared to be less complex and less deliberate. In 1952, The Roman Catholic Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office named this new rule as the new ethical quality. Upsides and downsides of situational morals Like other moral standards, Situational Ethics has its advantages and disadvantages too. To make things basic, after are the upsides and downsides of the Fletchers Model of Situation Ethics that depends on Christian Love:- Points of interest:- Situational Ethics is close to home. Since Situational Ethics depends on the lessons that moral choices ought to be made dependent on adaptable rules it shows affectability towards conditions, setting, identity and social conventions; in addition, it has just a solitary fundamental guideline to cling to, love, so individuals can unreservedly, effectively, and imaginatively settle on their choices in the different circumstances among the various options accessible. Hence, this moral hypothesis may appear to be appealing to the numerous individualistic people exist in this advanced time. Situational Ethics is explicit. In Situational Ethics moral choices are put forth on a defense by-case premise as in there is no fixed answer for different cases. Accordingly, choices made rely upon the circumstance one is in and the answer for every circumstance is one of a kind. (for what reason is this acceptable? Legitimize more) Situational Ethics about goodness. Love should be a decent component and Situational Ethics encourages that correct demonstrations are those which are focused to advance the prosperity of individuals (love). As indicated by Situational Ethics, the prosperity of individuals can be advanced by augmenting human government assistance and bliss that would be useful to people or a general public. Disservices:- Love is obscure and theoretical. Albeit hypothetically Situational Ethics depends on Christian love, however the term love in this guideline doesn't have any unmistakable importance; each individual is extraordinary by oneself and everything about feels and decipher love in altogether different manners which might be because of various living conditions, childhood strategies, hereditary qualities, and societies. If everybody somehow managed to rehearse Situational Ethics, it may prompt disarray and in this way conflicting results. For instance, two exceptionally unique choices may be made in two fundamentally the same as circumstances by two distinct individuals in light of the fact that their loves are not the equivalent. Situational Ethics is abstract and passionate based. Love is a sort of feeling and not a thinking component; since feelings are individual-based, it is outlandish for two people to feel and express love in the very same manner. It is commonly concurred by ethicists that any moral hypothesis ought to be founded for the most part on reasons. So by what method can such an emotional based Situational Ethics be reasonable then in 21st century? Certainly individuals will include a biasness because of individual sentiments when settling on choices under such moral rule; in this way, decency or equity can't be maintained in Situational Ethics. Love by Fletcher was Self-Contradicting. As per Fletcher, he put together his model with respect to the essential standard, love as deciphered in the new Testament of Bible, God is Love. This announcement makes Situational Ethics sensible from the start, yet entirely the following section of a similar Bible, there is another announcement says as much, This is the adoration for God, that we keep His instructions. What's more, His instructions are not troublesome. This last articulation is urging its adherents to keep Divine Command Laws, is it not? Because of this, it makes Fletcher together with its Situational Ethics to be less persuading. Situational Ethics is hard to execute. Like Act Consequentialism, Situation Ethics is certainly not a reasonable moral hypothesis in a general public as every circumstance is so not the same as another that in the event that this framework was to be executed, at that point when an individual confronted an ethical issue, the person would require a lot of time to consider what was the best activity that could draw out the most love. Plus, it is frequently extremely hard to figure out what are the limits of each circumstance also (like when did the circumstance start and end). Besides, such moral framework that is so relativistic and has just a single essential standard frequently creates conflicting outcomes and subsequently is extremely testing to be educated to the more youthful ages as well. Situational Ethics might be abused by some in names of affection. In view of Situation Ethics, a specific activity doesn't have a characteristic virtue as its positive or negative relies upon the outcomes or the results of the activity. Thusly, it appears that circumstance morals permits an individual to complete acts that are typically delegated awful, for example, murdering and ransacking, if those demonstrations could be legitimized to be the statement of affection by the committer. To sum up, Situational Ethics is dreadfully unrealistic in its own sense and has such a large number of evident defects. In this 21st century where moral predicaments essentially become increasingly intricate, this moral hypothesis, whenever applied all around, will just create greater precariousness and turmoil in this world. To put it plainly, it will not be the best moral standard to follow. To additionally advocate our standing, we have kept on doing exploration and discovered a few issues and issues in regards to Situational Ethics. Q: What are a portion of the issues or issues with Situational Ethics? Issues and Problems of Situational Ethics Is there a legitimate standard of significant worth in deciding the great? In the Fletcher model, moral operators are approached to compute which activity in a specific circumstance will deliver the best measure of products (love) for the best number of individuals. Be that as it may, this technique can't be applied without certain principles of significant worth to help making sense of the great and terrible impacts and afterward in adjusting them; without explaining the best possible guidelines, what great deeds should be done in the circumstance can't be resolved. In addition, Fletcher came to state that he has said enough when he recognized human government assistance as the standard of significant worth. For instance, he has subbed human government assistance for joy as the standard of assessment of the two finishes and impacts, impliedly expressing that human government assistance is a definitive love that can be given to others in any circumstance. In any case, it isn't certain that Fletchers claim to human government assistance will get the job done . Will different strict individuals and skeptics be persuaded to follow Situational Ethics? As has been referenced previously, the fundamental wellspring of the hypothesis of Situational Ethics is the Christians heavenly book of scriptures. Its unique essential standard, love which has been deciphered by Fletcher was to a great extent affected by its own confidence in Christianity. For instance, Fletcher considered love to be simply the Holy Spirit. In any case, what does Holy Spirit mean for different strict individuals? Do skeptics by any chance perceive the presence of Holy Spirit? In reality, the facts demonstrate that affection exists in any general public and culture thus non-Christian individuals can really apply this moral hypothesis in their life also; in any case, its Christianity birthplace may hinder part if not these individuals from confiding in this moral hypothesis since it seems to have some biasness in its translation of adoration. 3. Will individuals consistently carry on of affection and smother their personal circumstances? This is one of the primary issues that identifies with the common sense of Situational Love Ethics. As per Fletcher, the adoration he proposed should mean the biggest conceivable consideration of the prosperity of others; nonetheless, is it extremely workable for every single individual to saved their personal matters and be as goal as conceivable while examining every circumstance? As referenced, love is a sort of feeling and everybody feels and communicates it unmistakably from another. The standard loves individuals give out are for families and companions. So consider the possibility that in the particular good quandary setting, somebody an individual loves a ton is included. Can the individual in question truly ready to forfeit that notable individual for the larger part and act in the most cherishing manner? 4. Do closes consistently legitimize the methods? Situational Ethics is fundamentally the same as Consequentialism in the manner that both underscore the forecast of things to come and the end results that could occur, and afterward just settle on the activity that could draw out the most wanted result. All things considered, Situational Ethics imparts exactly the same issue to Consequentialism too: will any mean used to accomplish the end be legitimate? As a rule, some living creatures may should be yielded for the dominant part. For instance, so as to discover the best medication to fix AIDS which influences a large number of individuals, would scientists be able to be permitted to utilize the quickest way (utilize chosen people to direct investigations) to accomplish that objective? These researchers should seriously think about that as the most cherishing approach to act since they are attempting to spare a huge number of individuals at long last by just gambling a couple of human lives. Be that as it may, can this truly be reas onable? 5. Individuals want to have a progressively Secure Environment Situational Ethics comprises of just one and only total essential standard to manage everyone; in this way, it appears to nullify all the current guidelines and laws that exist in each culture. On the off chance that individuals were permitted to disrupt the unbending guidelines and laws when they found that their activities could be legitimized in names of affection (or some other outright standards), werent those laws and rules be unenforceable any longer? Thi

Simple Tips for Achieving Goals

Simple Tips for Achieving Goals Stress Management Management Techniques Print Simple Tips for Achieving Goals Achieving Goals: Harder AND Easier Than You Think! By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 21, 2019 Blend Images / John Lund / Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Achieving goals can often be more difficult than people realize. We may have a burning desire to see changes in our livesâ€"less stress, a healthier lifestyle, more money in the bank accountâ€"but actually implementing those changes involves much more than merely motivation (though thats necessary as well)! If you already have the motivation, this information on achieving goals can help you bridge the gap between where you are and where you want to be. Visualize What You Want Books like The Secret and concepts like The Law of Attraction have caught on in a major way lately because they give voice to what most of us intuitively understand: visualizing what you want in life is an essential step toward achieving it. A major part of achieving goals is actually knowing what those goals ?are. Many people start with big concepts like, I want to have more money, I want to live a healthier lifestyle, or I want to be happier. What they dont realize is that these goals are vague and sweeping enough that its very difficult to know what steps to take, when youve done enough, or when youre close but need to make a few changes in direction. As you work on achieving goals, remember that setting goals is an important first step. Try to: Imagine where you want to be. How does it look? What, specifically, is different? (For example, is something thats currently bothering you now missing, or has something been added to your current situation?)Research the benefits of your proposed change. This can help you to stay motivated, and be fully aware of how your life would change after achieving your goals.Ask yourself, How will I know when Ive met my goal? How will I know when Im off-track? and write down your answers in a journal.Experiment with Law of Attraction principles of visualizing what you want. Whether you believe in the law or not, these techniques can really add to motivation, and help clarify goals as well.Create a vision board to remind yourself of your main goals and keep them in the forefront of your mind in a pleasant way. (See these techniques for how to create a vision board.) Break It Down How can you reach your major goals and most ambitious dreams without burning out and losing motivation in the process? How can you get where you want to be when its difficult to maintain a new habit for more than a week or two? The secret lies in breaking large goals into smaller ones! This keeps each step do-able and allows you to reward your progress along the way. This is also the secret to reaching several goals at once; you have enough energy to meet several small goals in the same time frame and work toward achieving large goals in multiple areas of your life. When breaking down goals, consider the following: First, find the large goals that you want to meet. Then, look at each step it would take to get there, each rung in the ladder up. Try to identify steps that build on the completion of the ones before.Next, break those steps down, if possible. Keep dividing the steps until you create small goals that can be achieved in a month or so--or even a week. (Some people like to have a goal for each day!)Work on maintaining the right difficulty level. If the goals are too small and easy, you wont feel challenged and may lose motivation; feel free to increase their difficulty. If you find that your goals are too difficult, give yourself permission to set easier goals before you lose confidence, burn out and give up. Setting the right pace is an important part of the process.Write it down! This page on goal setting allows you to reflect upon and clarify your goals  and see what others are doing to work toward theirs. Theres strength in numbers! Enlist Help Its often difficult to work on achieving goals in a vacuum--having people to offer support and help you keep your motivation up while youre working toward your goals is key. Enlisting support from those close to you, from those in your community, and others can make the difference between you feeling that youre swimming against the stream, and feeling youre being carried along toward your goal. Here are some ways in which you can use the support of others to push you along toward achieving goals: Be Flexible Get support from friends and family. If you tell everyone in your close circle what your plans are, youre more likely to follow through. Why? Some people are afraid to let people down, or to look flakey; others enjoy the support and high fives that they get from family and friends. Simply having someone ask, Hows it coming with that goal? provides an opportunity to revel in successes or gain support in getting back on track.Find a partner in striving. If you have a buddy who has a goal similar to yours (or perhaps even an unrelated goal, if you use your imagination), the two of you can be coaches, cheerleaders, and celebration partners for one another. Youll be even more reluctant to let your partner down because youll know that theyre depending on you to an extent for their success as well; likewise, your victories will be even sweeter because youll both be excited by them! This can help you both stay on track better than if each of you worked on your goals separately.Find a group. There are many groups out there of others striving for every goal imaginable. Want to write a novel? Join forces with thousands of others with NaNoWriMo. Want to become a more disciplined runner? Start training for a marathon, and youll find many motivated groups to join. Want to lose weight? Theres Weight Watchers, theres a Yahoo group, online support community, or schedule of in-person meetings for just about any endeavor you may want to try. (And if there isnt, you can create your own!)Hire help. There are personal coaches, trainers, and other professionals who make it their business to help others succeed. These people are trained in the skills of helping people set the right goals, maintain motivation until the goals are reached, and keep the success going after achieving goals. The investment is generally worth it if the goal is something you truly desire, something that will truly help you in your long-term pursuits and overall life plan.What happens if you hit a wall? Youre going along, and suddenly you feel you cant take another step? You may need to be flexible when working on achieving goals. Perhaps the goal isnt the right one for you, and you are realizing it on a subconscious level. Maybe the plan youve chosen to meet your goal isnt one thats viable with your lifestyle, personality, and available resources. Or possibly you just need to use different rewards for yourself or approach things with a new attitude. Its important to explore the root of what has you stalled, and make changes as needed. Rather than seeing it as a failure on your part or a breakdown in discipline, see if some minor adjustments and course corrections can get you back on track where youd like to be. You may not need a complete overhaul of your plan; you may just need a few tweaks before things are perfect. But remember, this whole experience is a path youre forging as you go--if you need to take a few new turns as you learn the terrain, thats fine; just keep moving ahead! Reward Yourself The best part of setting small goals as subsets of your big onesâ€"and a great self-motivational toolâ€"is the ability to reward yourself when you make progress. Stopping and patting yourself on the back as you meet the milestones along the way in achieving your goals is a way to gain momentum and keep from becoming overwhelmed and discouraged as you climb your mountain. Rewards can take many forms, but should ideally be something thats tied to your goal, something thats not too difficult to give yourself, and something you personally enjoy. For example, when I maintain regular workouts, I reward myself with workout clothes (usually every 10th workout or so). This is a great motivational tool for me because I really love workout clothes, and getting something new makes me feel more excited to do my workouts. Also, each new outfit is a little more fun to buy as I become more toned. Likewise, when my goal is to de-clutter my home, I tend to buy little things for the home as I complete each section of the house: a clean living room deserves fresh flowers or a nice houseplant; a de-cluttered bathroom can now house some new bubble bath. By using rewards that work better with my newly met goals (once the room is clean, the flowers are more showcased and the bubble bath is more easily savored), I motivate myself with the thought of having them and reward myself with them after achieving goals Im working on.

Determinants Of Development Of Banking Sector - Free Essay Example

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of development of banking sector from the perspective of Real GDP, Discount rate, Trade openness and Financial Liberalization by using annual data from 1970 to 2007. In this study, Liquid Liabilities, Private sector credit and Domestic credit are used as indicator of banking sector development. The finding of this research shows negative relationship between Trade openness and development of banking sector development. Discount rate is having a significant impact on banking sector development when Private sector credit and Domestic credit is used as the indicator while Real GDP is found significant when Liquid Liabilities and Domestic credit is used as indicator of Banking sector Development. Generalized form of data has been used in this study. Keywords: Banking Sector development, Real GDP, Trade openness, Discount Rate, Financial Liberalization INTRODUCTION The financial sector of Pakistan has shown a substantial growth in past few years, however there is still need for continuous development. The financial sector of Pakistan consists of a variety of specialized financial institutions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" commercial banks, DFIs, NBFCs, micro finance banks, Islamic banks, Modarbas, Stock Exchange and Insurance companies. Thus the whole financial sector of Pakistan offers a wide range of products and services to its customers. (Zaidi, 2005) states that growth of financial sector is significantly related with economic growth therefore, country needs well developed financial sector in order to fully utilize the financial resources. Banking system has a significant importance in financial market. Banking Sector of Pakistan is an important financial intermediary and responsible for the economic growth in the country. In 1990, Denationalization of Government owned banks have changed the overall scenario of the banking sector of Pakistan. After the amendments in banking companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ordinance, Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and Allied bank Limited (ABL) were denationalized in 1991 and 1993 respectively. The process of denationalization remains suspended for numbers of years and was restarted in early 2000s, when United Bank Limited (UBL) was privatized. In 2004, Habib Bank Limited (HBL) was also denationalized and due to which, the asset share of public sector banks was reduced to 25% at that time. In the last decade, state bank of Pakistan has made several efforts in promoting the Islamic modes of financing. In 2002, the first Islamic bank was established under the name of Meezan bank. Since then, the number of Islamic banks has been opened. Various traditional ban ks are now opening Islamic specialized branches. At the end of 2009, total assets of the Islamic banking have reached to 366.3 billions and the deposits in Islamic banks have reached to 282.6 billions[1]. At the end of calendar year 2009, there are 9522 total branches of banks in Pakistan which shows an increase of 376 branches in banking sector from the 3rd quarter of 2009. Moreover, the asset base of banking sector has shown a growth of 7 percent over the last quarter. (Yasmin, Jehan, Chaudhary, 2006) explains that after independence in 1947, Pakistan avoided trade openness because of weak industrial structure. In 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, industrial base was laid and manufacturing industry expanded widely in Pakistan. However, industrial expansion face setback in 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s due to nationalization of industries. In 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, IMF and World Bank provided facilities to the Pakistan in order to initiate the financial restructuring in country. A loan of $150 million and $200 Million was provided for this purpose under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial sector adjustment loanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in 1989 and 1997 respectively. Another project named as financial sector deepening and Intermediation project was initiated in 1995. The estimated worth of that project was $216 million. (Hanif, 2002) Despite of the remarkable performance since last two decades, the banking sector of Pakistan is less developed and remains small in relation to the economy, when it is compared to the other banking sectors of the world. This shows that a number of financial and banking needs are still ignored and that much of the economic potential of Pakistan is not achieved yet. Highlights of banking sector of Pakistan Following is the highlight of banking sector of Pakistan from 2005 to 2009. (Rs. Billion) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Assets 3,660 4,353 5,172 5,672 6,529 Net Investment 800 833 1,276 1,080 1,753 Net Advances 1,991 2,428 2,688 3,183 3,428 Deposits 2,832 3,255 3,854 4,217 4,787 Equity 292 402 544 563 662 Profit after tax 63 84 73 43 54 Source: State Bank of Pakistan LITERATURE REVIEW (Christopoulos Tsionas, 2004) states there is no one opinion of economist on the issue of financial development and growth of economy. (Pagano, 1993) describes that savings are mobilized towards the productive investment due to financial deepening which helps in improving corporate governance. (Khan Qayyum, 2007) says there are three major channels through which financial development can affect economic growth (i) marginal productivity of capital can be increased (ii) savings are directed towards the investment (iii) level of private saving rate can be increased. The relationship of economic growth and financial development was first discussed by (Goldsmith, 1969), (McKinnon, 1973) and (Shaw, 1973). Their study shows that there is a positive relationship between financial development and the level of output i.e. when the financial market will increase the credit level, the investment will increase thus, showing that real income and real interest rate is a positive function of financial development. (Yu Gan, 2010) study shows that due to positive real interest rate, the mobilization of savings of banks increases and it also increases the growth with the increase in volume and productivity of capital. (Yanikkaya, 2003) argues that trade openness has a significant impact on the GDP share. In developing countries, trade openness creates new opportunities to increase the growth process and hence the unemployment level decrease. (Jin, 2000) states that trade openness facilitates in establishing the development process. Moreover, local technology and production process can be improved through trade liberalization. One school of thoughts is of view that the financial liberalization is also a major contributor towards the financial development in developing countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial liberalization means the deregulation of domestic financial markets and liberalization of the capital account.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Attaullah, Cockerill, Le, 2004) empirically shows that the effectiveness of banking sector is improved following the financial liberalization. (Bekaert, Harvey, Lundblad, 2005) Suggests that there is a significant relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth. However, (Stiglitz, 2000) argues that increase in financial liberalization enhances the macro economic vulnerability of nations and chances of crises becomes significant. The study of (Gong, Lee, Chen, 2004) supported the fact that increase in financial liberalization can cause crisis. (Wyplosz, 2001) suggested that financial liberalization is effective if the objective is to increase the competition and d ecrease the monopoly powers. However, financial liberalization is quite risky for developing countries. Many developing countries in Asia and Europe have grown faster even with strong financial restraints. MODEL SPECIFICATION Based on the above literature, we can propose that in Pakistan, banking sector development is a function of real Gross Domestic Products (RGDP), Discount date (DR) and Trade openness (TO) and Financial Liberalization (FL). This can also be shown as BSD Pak = f (RGDP, RI, TO, FL) Where, BSD Pak = Banking Sector Development of Pakistan In this study, we have used following models which are estimated by using least square techniques. In model 1, we will use Liquid liabilities as the indicator of banking sector development. In model 2, Private Sector Credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development where as in model 3, domestic credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development. (Yu Gan, 2010) ln LL= ÃŽÂ ²o+ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL + e ln PRI= ÃŽÂ ²o+ ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3 TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL+ e ln DC= ÃŽÂ ²o+ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3 TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL+ e where, ln LL= Natural logarithm of liquid liabilities ln PRI= Natural logarithm of Private sector Credit ln DC= Natural logarithm of Domestic Credit Data source: We have used annual data from 1970 to 2007 in this study. The data is obtained from the World Bank database and international financial statistics. However, Financial Liberalization Index of Pakistan, constructed by (Waliullah, 2010) is used in this study. Real GDP (RGDP) is calculated by using following formula EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY In this study, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique has been used. In order to run the OLS model, order of integration of every variable is determined. There are two methods to examine the order of integration i.e. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Phillps-Perron test. In this study, we will use ADF test for examining weather the data is stationary or non-stationary. We will run co-integration test when all variables becomes stationary at same level. The generalized form of data has been used in this study. Empirical Results of Model 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Liquid Liabilities Table 1. OLS Results of Model 1 Dependent Variable: LL Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:07 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP 2.390212 0.071527 33.41707 0.0000 TO -0.246367 0.046986 -5.243445 0.0000 DR 0.030429 0.104158 0.292144 0.7720 FL 0.035323 0.009594 3.681828 0.0008 C -0.000353 0.000128 -2.758942 0.0094 R-squared 0.998745 Mean dependent var -0.000415 Adjusted R-squared 0.998593 S.D. dependent var 0.020655 S.E. of regression 0.000775 Akaike info criterion -11.36561 Sum squared resid 1.98E-05 Schwarz criterion -11.15014 Log likelihood 220.9465 F-statistic 6564.172 Durbin-Watson stat 1.489120 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 In model 1, liquid liabilities have been used as an indicator of banking sector development. Table 1 show that Real GDP, Financial Liberalization and Trade openness are statistically significant and Discount rate is not statistically significant to the development of banking sector in Pakistan. However, Trade openness is inversely related with liquid liabilities which means that increase in trade openness will eventually affects the development of banking sector. While, Real GDP and Financial liberalization have a significant impact on the banking sector development i.e. higher Real GDP and Financial Liberalization in Pakistan will leads towards development of banking sector. R square is (.99) which shows substantial explanation of independent variables in dependent variables. Table 2. OLS Results of Model 2 (Private Sector Credit) Dependent Variable: PRI Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:16 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP -7.684614 5.715274 -1.344575 0.1879 TO -7.525119 3.603842 -2.088082 0.0446 DR 25.87713 9.222809 2.805775 0.0084 FL -0.204028 1.108112 -0.184122 0.8550 C 0.033118 0.090551 0.365739 0.7169 R-squared 0.343149 Mean dependent var 0.041883 Adjusted R-squared 0.263531 S.D. dependent var 0.648747 S.E. of regression 0.556741 Akaike info criterion 1.788644 Sum squared resid 10.22868 Schwarz criterion 2.004116 Log likelihood -28.98424 F-statistic 4.309923 Durbin-Watson stat 1.880175 Prob(F-statistic) 0.006483 In model 2, we have used Private sector credit as an indicator of development of banking sector in Pakistan. Results of table 2 indicate that discount rate and trade openness have significant impact on the development of banking sector. However, Trade openness is inversely related to the banking sector development. Financial liberalization and Real GDP are not found statistically significant. R square of model 2 is (.34) which shows that independent variables are explaining 34 % of the dependent variable. OLS Results of Model 3 (Domestic Credit) Dependent Variable: DC Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:20 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP 0.289400 0.002316 124.9755 0.0000 TO -0.007190 0.001983 -3.626526 0.0010 DR 0.014020 0.005240 2.675496 0.0115 FL 0.001211 0.000307 3.938439 0.0004 C -6.23E-06 4.61E-06 -1.351692 0.1857 R-squared 0.999939 Mean dependent var -1.15E-05 Adjusted R-squared 0.999931 S.D. dependent var 0.003380 S.E. of regression 2.80E-05 Akaike info criterion -18.00387 Sum squared resid 2.59E-08 Schwarz criterion -17.78840 Log likelihood 347.0735 F-statistic 134392.7 Durbin-Watson stat 1.559156 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 In model 3, we have used domestic credit as an indicator of banking sector development. Results of table 3 indicate that all variables are statistically significant to the development of banking sector of Pakistan. R square of model 3 is (.99) which shows that independent variables have a significant impact on the dependent variable. (Goldsmith, 1969) As mentioned above, generalized form of data has been used in this study and numbers of tests have been applied on these three models and there is no serial correlation, heteroscedasticity. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The results of this study shows that Trade openness is inversely related to the development of banking sector in Pakistan in all three models which validates the findings of (Siddiqui Iqbal, 2005) that Trade openness negatively affects the economic growth of a country. However these results are not according to the findings of (Miller Upadhyay, 2000) which states that trade openness leads to the development of financial sector. Moreover this study also does not support the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which states that trade openness have no impact on the development of banking sector. In case of Liquid liabilities as indicator of banking sector development, it is clear that Real GDP and Financial liberalization have the significant impact on the development of banking sector of Pakistan. This result is according to the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) and (Attaullah et al, 2004) which show that Real GDP and Financial Liberalization significantly impact the banking sector development. It means that increase in Real GDP and Financial Liberalization will lead the banking sector of Pakistan towards prosperity. In case of Private sector credit as the indicator of banking sector development, it is found that discount rate is statistically significant to the banking sector development. It means that increase in discount rate will lead towards increase in private sector credit which will eventually results in financial sector development. However, financial liberalization was found inversely related to the banking sector development and Real GDP was not found significant which is against the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which identifies that Real GDP has a significant impact on the development of financial sector of Pakistan when Private sector credit is taken as indicator of banking sector development. In case of Domestic credit as indicator of development of banking sector, results shows that all four variables are statistically significant to the financial sector development which are according to the findings of (Rajan Zingales, 1998), (Cetorelli Gambera, 2001) which states that Financial Liberalization and Real GDP significantly impact the development of financial sector. PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR BANKING SECTOR On the basis of the findings of this study, we can conclude that trade openness is having inverse relationship with the banking sector development. As a result of Trade openness, the less developed banking sector of Pakistan faces tough competition from the developed financial sector of other countries. Moreover, increase in trade openness increases the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exposure to international shocks i.e. if any economy faces will suffer a crisis, there will be more chance of transferring crisis in Pakistan. Discount rate is also found significant in this study when Private sector credit and Domestic credit was used as an indicator of banking sector development. When the discount rate will be high, financial institutions will be encouraged to get loan from state bank of Pakistan. Banks usually uses discount rate as benchmark interest rate when they further lend the money to borrowers. So increasing the discount rate will eventually lead the banking sector to development.

Much Ado About Nothing Essay - 928 Words

The play Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare consists of many themes which grow out of the ‘game of love. The two main themes consist of perception and deception. Through the plot complications, character development and dramatic techniques these themes can be explored. In the play deception is shown on both good and evil sides, the game of love between Beatrice and Benedick and the Don John plot to split up Hero and Claudio. Perception is a theme used in most of Shakespeares plays. Perceptive views by the characters help portray the game of love. Hero is perceived as dead which then Claudio is sorry and feels for her. Beatrice and Benedicks loved is clouded by each others perceptions and arguments. Deception is one of†¦show more content†¦Not so neither, but I know that I have tonight wooed Margaret, the lady Heros gentlewomen by the name of Hero: she leans out of the mistress chamber window. This narrative effect adds impact and severity of the characters actions and makes us further dislike Borachio. Perception is one of the main themes that grow out of the game of love. Perception is how the characters are seen and shown which then can cause a consequence. Social perceptions were very important, before marriage women should be innocent, pure and faithful. Don Johns plan to make Claudio think hero is unfaithful is a success which then Claudio, Don Pedro and Don John perceives Hero is unclean and impure. Did you see her, hear her, at that hour last night, talk with a ruffian at her chamber window, who hath indeed most like a liberal villain, confessed the vile encounters they have had a thousand times in secret. Hero is then perceived dead after she faints. Claudios perception of Heros death causes him to remorse when he finds out that Hero was innocent. Heros death is very symbolic as she is then re-born into society clean and pure. 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Modernization Theory And Its Impact On The Future Of...

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